MERCHANT SHIPPING (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
Hong Kong
MERCHANT SHIPPING (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 413)
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation
II REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
egulations for the prevention and control of pollution
enalty for taking detained ship to sea
III SHIPPING CASUALTIES INVOLVING A RISK OF POLLUTION
pplication of Part III
hipping casualties
irections; right to recover in respect of unreasonable loss or
damage
ffences in relation to section 6
ervice of directions under section 6
Enforcement of fines
Saving of rights of action, etc.
IV SAVINGS, AMENDMENTS AND REPEALS
Savings, amendments and repeals
dule. (Omitted)
rdinance to provide for the prevention and control of pollution
from
s and for incidental or related matters.
January 1991] L. N. 14 of 1991
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
Ordinance may be cited as the Merchant Shipping
(Prevention and
rol of Pollution) Ordinance.
nterpretation
his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
trol" includes contain and reduce;
ector" means the Director of Marine;
charge" means any release, howsoever caused, from a ship and
includes
escape, disposal, spilling, leaking, pumping, emitting or
emptying;
does not include--
dumping within the meaning of the Convention on the
Prevention of
ne Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter signed in
London on
ovember 1972; or
any release directly arising from the exploration,
exploitation and
ciated off-shore processing of sea-bed mineral resources; or
any release for the purposes of legitimate scientific research
into
ution abatement or control;
g Kong ship" means--
a ship registered in Hong Kong; and
a vessel required to be licensed under Part IV of the Shipping
and
Control Ordinance (Cap. 313);
" means oil of any description and includes spirit produced from
oil
ny description and also includes coal tar;
p" means a vessel of any type whatsoever operating in the
marine
ronment and includes a hydrofoil, hovercraft, submersible or
floating
t and a fixed or floating platform.
PART II REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
egulations for the prevention and control of pollution
In this section--
vention" means the International Convention for the
Prevention of
ution from Ships (including its protocols, annexes and
appendices)
h constitutes Attachment 1 to the Final Act of the
International
erence on Marine Pollution signed in London on 2 November
1973, as
fied by any international agreement referred to in subsection (2)
(b)
);
tocol" means the Protocol (including the annex thereto)
relating to
Convention which constitutes Attachment 2 to the Final Act
of the
rnational Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention
signed
ondon on 17 February 1978, as modified by any international
agreement
rred to in subsection (2) (b) (iii); "substance other
than oil"
udes sewage and garbage of any kind.
The Governor in Council may make regulations--
relating to the prevention or control of pollution of the sea or
other
rs by oil, or any substance other than oil, from ships; and
for giving effect to--
the Convention;
the Protocol; and
) any other international agreement (whether made by
resolution or
rwise) which relates to the prevention or control of pollution
of the
or other waters by oil, or any substance other than oil, from
ships
which applies to Hong Kong, including any agreement which
modifies any
r such agreement.
Regulations made under this section may be expressed to apply--
to Hong Kong ships, wherever they may be; and
to other ships while they are within the waters of Hong Kong.
Regulations made under this section may provide that the
regulations,
ny provisions thereof, shall come into force on a date
specified in
regulations which is earlier than the date on which the
international
ement to which the regulations relate comes into force.
Without limiting the generality of subsection (2),
regulations made
r this section may include provisions--
for the approval of documents, the appointment of
surveyors, the
ying out of surveys and inspections and the rendering
of other
ices for the purposes of the regulations, whether in Hong
Kong or
where, and for the issue, duration, effect and
recognition of
ificates for those purposes;
for the keeping, carriage and inspection of record books and
other
rds of operations involving oil, or any substance other than oil,
on
d ships;
for the prohibition, regulation and control of the
loading and
iage on board ships, and the unloading or discharge from ships,
of oil
ny substance other than oil and for procedures relating thereto;
for the design and construction of, and the equipment and fittings
on
d, ships carrying oil or any substance other than oil;
for the compulsory reporting of incidents involving pollution
or the
at of pollution for the purpose of giving effect to Protocol I
visions concerning reports on incidents involving harmful
substances)
he Convention;
for the payment of fees (whether prescribed under this Ordinance,
the
hant Shipping Ordinance (Cap. 281) or otherwise) in respect
of any
ey, inspection, certificate, service or other matter provided
for by
regulations;
that contraventions of the regulations shall be offences
punishable by
lties not exceeding--
on conviction upon indictment, a fine of $5,000,000 and, in the
case
n individual, imprisonment for 2 years;
on summary conviction, a fine of $500,000;
that in the case of any such contravention an offence is committed
by-
the master and the owner of the ship concerned; and
where the contravention is due to the act or omission of
another
on, that person;
for denying entry of any ship to the waters of Hong Kong in respect
of
h any such contravention is believed to have occurred;
for detaining any ship in respect of which any such
contravention is
eved to have occurred and for notifying the relevant consular
officer
any) of the detention and of any proceedings against the ship;
and
for the admission of prescribed or specified documents and
certified
es of documents as evidence in legal proceedings,
the regulations may--
make different provisions for different circumstances or in
relation
ifferent classes or descriptions of ships;
provide for exemptions from any provisions of the
regulations in
ect of different classes or descriptions of ships;
) provide for the granting by the Director, on such terms (if any)
as
ay specify, of exemptions from any provisions of the
regulations in
ect of any ship, or class or description of ships, and
for the
ration or cancellation of any such exemption;
provide for the approval by the Director of equivalent
fittings,
pment or procedures as alternatives to those prescribed;
provide for the delegation of powers exercisable and
functions
ormable by virtue of the regulations;
provide for the application of the regulations to the Crown; and
) include such incidental, supplemental and transitional
provisions as
ar to the Governor in Council to be expedient for the purposes
of the
lations.
Any fees prescribed under this Ordinance--
may be fixed at levels which provide for the recovery of
expenditure
rred or likely to be incurred by the Government or other authority
in
tion generally to the administration, regulation and control of
Hong
ships and of ports, ships and navigation in the waters of Hong
Kong,
shall not be limited by reference to the amount of
administrative or
r costs incurred or likely to be incurred in the provision
of any
icular service, facility or matter; and
may, without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (a), be
fixed at
erent amounts in relation to different sizes of ship, whether
measured
onnage, length or otherwise, or in relation to different
classes,
s or descriptions of service, facility or ship.
enalty for taking detained ship to sea
Where a ship is authorized or ordered to be detained under
regulations
under this Part, and after such detention or after service on
the
er of any notice of or order for such detention, the ship proceeds
or
mpts to proceed to sea before having been released by a
competent
ority, the master of the ship commits an offence and is liable
to a
of $500,000 and to imprisonment for 2 years; and if the
owner or
t or any person who sends the ship to sea is party or privy to
the
nce he also commits an offence and is liable to the same
punishment.
Where a ship proceeds to sea in contravention of subsection (1)
whilst
ng on board a public officer who is acting in the execution of
his
, the master and owner of the ship--
in addition to any punishment to which they may be liable
under
ection (1), both commit an offence against this subsection
and are
liable to imprisonment for 6 months and to a fine of $20,000 and
an
tional fine of $1,000 for each day during the period from the date
on
h the ship proceeded to sea until the date on which the
officer
rns to Hong Kong or, if he does not return directly to Hong
Kong,
d have returned if he had travelled by the quickest practicable
route;
are jointly and severally liable to pay to the Government all
expenses
dental to the taking of the officer to sea and to securing his
return
ong Kong.
Expenses referred to in subsection (2) (b) may be recovered as
if they
a fine imposed by a magistrate.
PART III SHIPPING CASUALTIES INVOLVING A RISK OF POLLUTION
pplication of Part III
Subject to subsections (2) and (3), this Part shall apply in
relation
ll ships whether within or outside the waters of Hong Kong.
As respects a ship which--
is not a Hong Kong ship; and
is for the time being outside the waters of Hong Kong,
power conferred on the governor by section 6 (2) to give
directions
only be exercised in relation to--
an individual who is a British citizen, a British
Dependent
itories citizen, a British Overseas citizen or who under the Hong
Kong
tish Nationality) Order 1986 (App. III, p. EG1) is a British
National
rseas); or
a body corporate which is established under the laws of Hong
Kong,
section 8 (2) shall apply to such an individual or body
corporate
.
No direction under section 6 (2) shall apply to any vessel
of Her
sty's navy or to any ship not forming part of Her Majesty's navy
which
ngs to Her Majesty or is held by any person on behalf of or for
the
fit of the Crown in right of Her Majesty's Government in the
United
dom or Her Majesty's Government in Hong Kong, and no action shall
be
n under section 6 (4) or (5) as respects any such vessel or ship.
hipping casualties
The powers conferred by this section may be exercised where--
an accident has occurred to or in a ship; and
in the opinion of the Governor--
oil, or any substance other than oil, from the ship will or may
cause
ution on a large scale in Hong Kong or in the waters of Hong Kong;
if the ship is one referred to in section 5 (2), the
danger of
ution is grave and imminent; and
) the exercise of the powers conferred by this section is
urgently
ed.
For the purpose of preventing or reducing pollution, or the
risk of
ution, the Governor may give directions as respects the ship or
its
o--
to the owner of the ship, or to any person in possession or control
of
ship; or
to the master of the ship; or
to any salvor in possession of the ship, or to any person who is
the
ant or agent of any such salvor, and who is in charge of the
relevant
age operation.
Directions under subsection (2) may require the person to whom
they
given to take, or refrain from taking, any action of
any kind
soever, and without limiting the generality of the
foregoing the
ctions may require--
that the ship is to be, or is not to be, moved--
to or from a specified place, area or locality;
over a specified route; or
that any oil or other cargo is to be, or is not to be, unloaded
or
harged; or
that specified salvage measures are to be, or are not to be, taken.
If in the opinion of the Governor the powers conferred by
subsection
are, or have proved to be, inadequate for the purpose, the
Governor
for the purpose of preventing or reducing pollution, or the risk
of
ution, take, as respects the ship or its cargo, any action of any
kind
soever, and without limiting the generality of the
foregoing the
rnor may--
do anything he has power to require to be done by a direction
under
ection (2);
cause operations to be undertaken for the sinking or
destruction of
ship, or any part of it, of a kind which is not within the means
of
person to whom he may give such a direction;
cause operations to be undertaken which involve taking over
control of
ship.
The powers of the Governor under subsection (4) may also be
exercised
uch persons as may be authorized in that behalf by the Governor.
A person concerned in complying with directions given, or in
action
n, under this section shall use his best endeavours to avoid risk
to
n life.
Nothing in this section shall derogate from or affect any
right or
r of the Government existing apart from this section whether
under
rnational law or otherwise.
Any action taken as respects a ship which is under arrest
or as
ects the cargo of such a ship, being action taken under a
direction
n under subsection (2), or under subsection (4) or (5)--
does not constitute contempt of court; and
shall not constitute a ground or cause of action in legal
proceedings
ituted against the Government.
In this section--
ident" includes the loss, stranding, abandonment of or damage
to a
; "any substance other than oil" means--
any substance specified in an order made under subsection (10);
and
any other substance which is liable to create a hazard to
human
th, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage
amenities or
nterfere with other legitimate uses of the sea;
cified", in relation to a direction under subsection (2),
means
ified in the direction.
The Governor may, by order published in the Gazette,
specify any
tance for the purposes of the definition of "any substance other
than
in subsection (9).
irections; right to recover in respect of unreasonable loss or
damage
If any action taken under a direction under section 6 (2), or
under
ion 6 (4) or (5)--
was not reasonably necessary to prevent or reduce pollution or,
as may
ppropriate, the risk of pollution; or
was such that the good it did or was likely to
do was
roportionately less than the expense incurred, or damage suffered,
as
sult of the action,
rson incurring expense or suffering damage as a result of the
action,
f himself having taken the action, shall be entitled to
claim and
ver compensation from the Government.
In determining whether subsection (1) applies in a particular
case,
unt shall be taken of--
the extent and risk of pollution if the action had not been taken;
the likelihood of the action being effective; and
the extent of the damage which has been caused by the action.
Any reference in this section to the taking of any action
includes a
rence to a compliance with a direction not to take some
specified
on.
ffences in relation to section 6
A person to whom a direction is given under section 6 (2) who fails
to
ly with any requirement of the direction, commits an offence.
A person who wilfully obstructs any person who is--
acting on behalf of the Governor in connection with the
giving or
ice of a direction under section 6 (2);
acting in compliance with such a direction; or
acting under subsection (4) or (5) of that section,
its an offence.
In proceedings for an offence under subsection (1), it shall
be a
nce for the accused to prove that--
he used all due diligence to secure compliance with the direction;
or
he had reasonable cause for believing that such compliance would
have
lved a serious risk to human life.
A person who commits an offence under this section is liable-
-
on conviction upon indictment, to a fine of $5,000,000;
on summary conviction, to a fine of $500,000.
ervice of directions under section 6
If the Governor is satisfied that a company or other body
corporate is
one to which section 338 or 356 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.
32)
ies so as to authorize the service of a direction on that body
under
er of those sections, he may give a direction under section 6 (2)--
to that body, as the owner of, or the person in possession or
control
a ship, by serving the direction on the master of the ship; or
to that body, as a salvor, by serving the direction on the person
in
ge of the salvage operations.
For the purpose of giving or serving a direction under section
6 (2)
r on any person on a ship, a person acting on behalf of the
Governor
l have the right to go on board the ship.
Enforcement of fines
e a fine imposed in proceedings against the owner or master of
a ship
an offence under this Part is not paid at the time ordered by
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浅析“取保候审”在适用中存在的问题
李俊杰
取保候审是刑事诉讼活动中一项重要的强制措施，但在适用中出现了一些不良倾向，影响了刑事诉讼活动的正常进行，使这一强制措施起不到应有的作用，干扰和破坏了法律的严肃性和强制性，从而也暴露了立法和司法中的种种问题。
1、法律适用弹性大，我国刑诉法第五十一条规定了取保候审的适用范围，根据此规定精神，取保候审仅适用于罪行轻微，不够逮捕条件或者罪该逮捕，但由于某种原因不宜逮捕的犯罪嫌疑人和被告人，但由于此规定过于笼统、原则、宽泛，缺乏可操作性，特别是“采取取保候审不致发生社会危险性”的标准不确定，完全由办案人员依据主观判断自行决定，主观色彩较浓，这些判断往往因脱离客观实际而出现偏差。在司法实践中，办案机关通常对患有严重疾病，正在怀孕或哺乳自己婴儿的犯罪嫌疑人，被告人采取取保候审。但也有的办案机关和办案人员对于一些严重危害社会治安的犯罪嫌疑人，对累犯、犯罪集团的主犯、以自伤自残办法逃避侦查的犯罪嫌疑人，以及其他犯罪性质恶劣，情节严重，本不应该适用取保候审措施的犯罪嫌疑人也适用了取保候审，取保候审适用随意性和盲目性，直接为结案、证人作证、案件质量带来了比较严重的消极影响，致使被取保候审者在解除羁押后潜逃、翻供、串供，诱使证人翻证等情况屡屡发生，一些案件不得不被搁浅。与此同时，对于一些本可以采取取保候审措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人，一些办案机关却把握较严，没有采取这一措施。从而侵犯犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权益，甚至出现羁押期与刑期“倒挂”的现象，严重损害司法机关的权威和公正形象。实际情况说明，取保候审存在严重缺陷，不是以
充分有效地发挥该强制措施的制约作用。由此，一方面造成了对少数犯罪分子的放纵，另一方面却导致司法机关过份倚重羁押性强制措施的使用在一定程度上影响了逮捕制度的谦抑原则的贯彻，难以从最大限度上保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的自由权。
2、一保了之无人管。我国刑诉法第五十八条规定取保候审最长不得超过十二个月，且在取保候审期间，不得中断对案件的侦查、起诉和审理。根据此规定，取保候审作为一种强制措施，只是弄事诉讼的一个环节，绝不能作为一种结案方式，对被取保候审者“一保了之”。一旦对犯罪嫌疑人采取了取保候审措施，即中断了对案件的继续侦查，甚至对于检察机关退加补充侦查的案件也如此，对案件不闻不问，在收集证据，查清事实上未有任何进展。由于不及时补充侦查或拖着不补致使取保期内无法结案，导致案件不了了之。有的机关任凭取保候审超过十二个月，且期限届满后，不作任何规定，使犯罪分子逃避了应有的法律打击。
3、人保财保同时用。刑诉法第五十三条、两高两部《关于取保候若干个问题的规定》第四条规定，对同一犯罪嫌疑人、被告人决定取保候审的，不得同时使用保校正 人和保证金保证。但在保证方式的适用上，多数办案机关决定取保候审时优先选择保证金保证，且往往在收取保证金之后，又责令犯罪嫌疑人、被告人提供保下人。在他们看来，收取保证金可以缓解、弥补办案经费的不足，但又担心保证金约束力软化被取保候审者不遵守有关义务性规定而使案件向不利方向演变，于是为保险起见，只好违反有关法律规定，人保、财保同时使用，搞所谓“双保险”，给被取保候审的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人增加约束力量。在司法实践中，保证金保证和保证人保证并用的情况比较常见。
4、违规收取保证金。在取保候审中，保证金与办案机关挽回国家和集体经济损失、犯罪嫌疑人和被告人退赃没有直接关连。因此，刑诉法和有关司法解释规定，取保候审者未违反有关义务规定，在取保候审结束的时候，应当退还保证金。如刑事诉讼阶段发生变化时，受案机关决定继续以保证金形式取保候审的，原则上不变更保证金数额，不再重新收取保证金。有的办案机关在保证金的收取上，并未综合考虑当地的经济发展水平，犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的经济状况、案件的性质，情节、社会危险性以及可能判处刑罚的轻重等因素，来确定收取保证金的数额，而任凭办案人主观确定，有的甚至与犯罪嫌疑人、被告人家属“讨价还价”，很不严肃。在保证金的没收、退还上，程度不规范，没收乱，往往借故不退还。事实上保证金大都没收多，退还的少。有的办案机关不考察犯罪嫌疑人、被告人在取保候审期间的表现，不问其是否违反义务性规定，而以传呼唤不到位或未经批准离开居住地等理由，任意下达没收保证金决定书，拒绝退还保证金。有的办案机关在取保候审期间，即不申请解除，也不对保证金作出处理，成为变相没收。
5、保证责任难履行。刑诉法第五十五条规定了保证人应履行的义务和法律责任。保证人在出具保证书后，应在办案人员的主持下，由保证人与被取保候审者履行对保手续，并将期领回。在取保候审时，虽然履行了取保手续，落实了保证人。但有的保证人却不能正常履行保证义务，某些保证人明知犯罪嫌疑人、被告人不遵守取保候审的法律规定，却不及时报告或事后才报告，故意放纵或变相支持被保证人逃避法律追究，使取保候审形同虚设，出现了“取而不保”的现象。导致犯罪嫌疑人、被告人在传唤时不到案，甚至脱逃、躲避侦查和审判，严重影响了刑事诉讼活动的正常进行。而对于保证人未尽保证责任的认定和处罚，又存在明显的缺陷。根据刑事诉讼法第五十五条规定，保证人违反法定义务，要承担罚款和刑事责任。但罚款的处罚过轻，罚款的幅度依照“两高两部”《关于取保候审若干问题的规定》，为1000元以上200000元以下，较低的罚款，以及实践中罚款无法到位，难以制约保证人，
使得一些保证人无视保证义务。保证人因取保候审的适用而进入刑事司法程序，其违反保证义务就是妨害刑事诉讼，在处以罚款嫌轻，而又不足以追究刑事责任时，就应实施司法拘留，但刑事诉讼在立法上的疏漏没有规定司法拘留。并且在以保罪名追究保证人的刑事责任，也缺乏明确规定，对于那些包庇，窝藏被保证人的，尚可以包庇、容藏追究其刑事责任，但又不能充分体现保证人违反法定义务这一特性。另外，司法实践中保证人违反法定义务较多的是疏于监督，造成被保证人逃匿，却又无法以玩忽职守罪这一特定国家机关工作人员身份的罪名追究刑事责任，等等，针对违反保证法定义务而构成犯罪的多样情况，立法上缺少一个完全体现本质特征的统管的罪名，司法机关不便操作。因此，办案机关在处理时往往打击不力。
6、决定机关自执行。刑诉法第五十条、第五十一条规定，取保候审由公检法三机关根据案件的情况依法作出，统一由公安机关执行。根据现行法律规定，公安机关既是取保候审的执行机关，也是是否违反法定义务的确认机关。但在司法实践中并没有得到很好的落实。各办案机关大都没有严格遵循法律的规定，做到决定机关与执行机关的分离，而是“各家唱各家的戏”，自己决定，自己执行。公安机关警力有限、操作程度相对繁琐及公检法三机关在保证金归属问题上的不同想法，使公安机关执行取保候审的规定丧失了立法价值。公安机关对保证人是否履行保证义务大多不闻不问，特别是对于检察、审判机关作出的取保候审规定，更是不负责任。并且，由公安机关自行决定适用取保候审，就会出现决定权与执行权不分的情况，而且法律未规定相应的监督措施，发生公安机关滥用职权侵害犯罪嫌疑人人身自由的违法行为在所难免，严重损害司法机关的执法形象和权威。
